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Nuclear Shell Structures

RHODIUM-103

                protons                                                                  neutrons

4                                                                                              1g 7/2 ---------        8 ------     [58]

 

4              1g 9/2 ---------        5                                              1g 9/2 ---------        10 -----    {50}

 

3              2p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {40}                        2p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {40}        (Zirconium)

3              1f 5/2 ---------         6                                              1f 5/2 ---------         6

3              2p 3/2 ---------        4                                              2p 3/2 ---------        4

 

3              1f 7/2 ---------         8 ------     {28}                        1f 7/2 ---------         8 ------     {28}        (Nickel)

 

2              1d 3/2 ---------        4 ------     {20}                        1d 3/2 ---------        4 ------     {20}        (Calcium)

2              2s 1/2 ---------                                                      2s 1/2 ---------         2

2              1d 5/2 ---------        6                                              1d 5/2 ---------        6

 

1              1p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {8}                          1p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {8}          (Oxygen)

1              1p 3/2 ---------        4                                              1p 3/2 ---------        4

 

0              1s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     {2}                          1s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     {2}          (Helium)

 

IRIDIUM-191 AND 193

                protons                                                                  neutrons

5                                                                                              1i 13/2 -------          2 or 4              (Ir-191 or 193)

5                                                                                              3p 1/2 --------          2 ------     [112]

5                                                                                              3p 3/2 --------          4

5                                                                                              2f 5/2 ---------         6

5                                                                                              2f 7/2 ---------         8

5                                                                                              1h 9/2 ---------        10

 

5              1h 11/2 -------         7                                              1h 11/2 -------         12 ----      {82}        (Lead)

4              3s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     [70]                         3s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     [70]         (Ytterbium)

4              2d 3/2 ---------        4                                              2d 3/2 ---------        4

4              2d 5/2 ---------        6                                              2d 5/2 ---------        6

4              1g 7/2 ---------        8                                              1g 7/2 ---------        8

 

4              1g 9/2 ---------        10                                            1g 9/2 ---------        10 ----      {50}        (Tin)

 

3              2p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {40}                        2p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {40}        (Zirconium)

3              1f 5/2 ---------         6                                              1f 5/2 ---------         6

3              2p 3/2 ---------        4                                              2p 3/2 ---------        4

3              1f 7/2 ---------         8 ------     {28}                        1f 7/2 ---------         8 ------     {28}        (Nickel)

 

2              1d 3/2 ---------        4 ------     {20}                        1d 3/2 ---------        4 ------     {20}        (Calcium)

2              2s 1/2 ---------                                                      2s 1/2 ---------         2

2              1d 5/2 ---------        6                                              1d 5/2 ---------        6

1              1p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {8}                          1p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {8}          (Oxygen)

1              1p 3/2 ---------        4                                              1p 3/2 ---------        4

0              1s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     {2}                          1s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     {2}          (Helium)

 

SILVER-107 AND 109

                protons                                                                  neutrons

4                                                                                              2d 5/2 ---------        2 or 4              (Ag-107 or 109)

4                                                                                              1g 7/2 ---------        8

 

4              1g 9/2 ---------        7                                              1g 9/2 ---------        10 ----      {50}

 

3              2p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {40}                        2p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {40}        (Zirconium)

3              1f 5/2 ---------         6                                              1f 5/2 ---------         6

3              2p 3/2 ---------        4                                              2p 3/2 ---------        4

 

3              1f 7/2 ---------         8 ------     {28}                        1f 7/2 ---------         8 ------     {28}        (Nickel)

 

2              1d 3/2 ---------        4 ------     {20}                        1d 3/2 ---------        4 ------     {20}        (Calcium)

2              2s 1/2 ---------                                                      2s 1/2 ---------         2

2              1d 5/2 ---------        6                                              1d 5/2 ---------        6

 

1              1p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {8}                          1p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {8}          (Oxygen)

1              1p 3/2 ---------        4                                              1p 3/2 ---------        4

 

0              1s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     {2}                          1s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     {2}          (Helium)

 

GOLD-197

                protons                                                                  neutrons

5                                                                                              1i 13/2 -------          8                             

5                                                                                              3p 1/2 --------          2 ------     [112]

5                                                                                              3p 3/2 --------          4

5                                                                                              2f 5/2 ---------         6

5                                                                                              2f 7/2 ---------         8

5                                                                                              1h 9/2 ---------        10

 

5              1h 11/2 -------         9                                              1h 11/2 -------         12 ----      {82}        (Lead)

4              3s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     [70]                         3s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     [70]         (Ytterbium)

4              2d 3/2 ---------        4                                              2d 3/2 ---------        4

4              2d 5/2 ---------        6                                              2d 5/2 ---------        6

4              1g 7/2 ---------        8                                              1g 7/2 ---------        8

 

4              1g 9/2 ---------        10                                            1g 9/2 ---------        10 ----      {50}        (Tin)

 

3              2p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {40}                        2p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {40}        (Zirconium)

3              1f 5/2 ---------         6                                              1f 5/2 ---------         6

3              2p 3/2 ---------        4                                              2p 3/2 ---------        4

3              1f 7/2 ---------         8 ------     {28}                        1f 7/2 ---------         8 ------     {28}        (Nickel)

2              1d 3/2 ---------        4 ------     {20}                        1d 3/2 ---------        4 ------     {20}        (Calcium)

2              2s 1/2 ---------                                                      2s 1/2 ---------         2

2              1d 5/2 ---------        6                                              1d 5/2 ---------        6

1              1p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {8}                          1p 1/2 ---------        2 ------     {8}          (Oxygen)

1              1p 3/2 ---------        4                                              1p 3/2 ---------        4

0              1s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     {2}                          1s 1/2 ---------         2 ------     {2}          (Helium)

The above tables are for the Precious Metals, Rhodium and Iridium, Silver and Gold.   

They are presented here in order to emphasize their importance and to provide reference to the apparent why of their importance.  For example, the fact Rhodium -- despite having only one stable isotope -- has a number of protons in its outer 1g 9/2 shell, which is half the number of protons which would fit into that particular shell.  This places Rhodium -- with respect to the number of protons -- midway between the “magic numbers” of {40} and {50}, the latter which indicate particularly stable nuclei.   

Similarly, Iridium -- with only two stable isotopes -- has 7 protons in its outer shell, where the shell maximum is 12.  This places Iridium in a similar (to Rhodium) midpoint between the more stable shell closure numbers [70] and {82}.  Thus, for both elements, the lack of stability in their proton shells, makes them ideal candidates for Superdeformation of their respective nuclei -- and thus more likely to experience nuclear Superconductivity.  

There are additional considerations, however, which is referenced in Growth Structures and discussed in some detail in Rhodium and Iridium. 

 

Nuclear Shell Model         ORME Physics         ORME         Tree of Life

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