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Nuclear Shell Structures
RHODIUM-103 protons neutrons 4 1g 7/2 --------- 8 ------ [58] 4 1g 9/2 --------- 5 1g 9/2 --------- 10 ----- {50} 3 2p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {40} 2p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {40} (Zirconium) 3 1f 5/2 --------- 6 1f 5/2 --------- 6 3 2p 3/2 --------- 4 2p 3/2 --------- 4 3 1f 7/2 --------- 8 ------ {28} 1f 7/2 --------- 8 ------ {28} (Nickel) 2 1d 3/2 --------- 4 ------ {20} 1d 3/2 --------- 4 ------ {20} (Calcium) 2 2s 1/2 --------- 2 2s 1/2 --------- 2 2 1d 5/2 --------- 6 1d 5/2 --------- 6 1 1p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {8} 1p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {8} (Oxygen) 1 1p 3/2 --------- 4 1p 3/2 --------- 4 0 1s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {2} 1s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {2} (Helium) IRIDIUM-191 AND 193 protons neutrons 5 1i 13/2 ------- 2 or 4 (Ir-191 or 193) 5 3p 1/2 -------- 2 ------ [112] 5 3p 3/2 -------- 4 5 2f 5/2 --------- 6 5 2f 7/2 --------- 8 5 1h 9/2 --------- 10 5 1h 11/2 ------- 7 1h 11/2 ------- 12 ---- {82} (Lead) 4 3s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ [70] 3s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ [70] (Ytterbium) 4 2d 3/2 --------- 4 2d 3/2 --------- 4 4 2d 5/2 --------- 6 2d 5/2 --------- 6 4 1g 7/2 --------- 8 1g 7/2 --------- 8 4 1g 9/2 --------- 10 1g 9/2 --------- 10 ---- {50} (Tin) 3 2p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {40} 2p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {40} (Zirconium) 3 1f 5/2 --------- 6 1f 5/2 --------- 6 3 2p 3/2 --------- 4 2p 3/2 --------- 4 3 1f 7/2 --------- 8 ------ {28} 1f 7/2 --------- 8 ------ {28} (Nickel) 2 1d 3/2 --------- 4 ------ {20} 1d 3/2 --------- 4 ------ {20} (Calcium) 2 2s 1/2 --------- 2 2s 1/2 --------- 2 2 1d 5/2 --------- 6 1d 5/2 --------- 6 1 1p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {8} 1p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {8} (Oxygen) 1 1p 3/2 --------- 4 1p 3/2 --------- 4 0 1s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {2} 1s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {2} (Helium) SILVER-107 AND 109 protons neutrons 4 2d 5/2 --------- 2 or 4 (Ag-107 or 109) 4 1g 7/2 --------- 8 4 1g 9/2 --------- 7 1g 9/2 --------- 10 ---- {50} 3 2p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {40} 2p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {40} (Zirconium) 3 1f 5/2 --------- 6 1f 5/2 --------- 6 3 2p 3/2 --------- 4 2p 3/2 --------- 4 3 1f 7/2 --------- 8 ------ {28} 1f 7/2 --------- 8 ------ {28} (Nickel) 2 1d 3/2 --------- 4 ------ {20} 1d 3/2 --------- 4 ------ {20} (Calcium) 2 2s 1/2 --------- 2 2s 1/2 --------- 2 2 1d 5/2 --------- 6 1d 5/2 --------- 6 1 1p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {8} 1p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {8} (Oxygen) 1 1p 3/2 --------- 4 1p 3/2 --------- 4 0 1s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {2} 1s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {2} (Helium) GOLD-197 protons neutrons 5 1i 13/2 ------- 8 5 3p 1/2 -------- 2 ------ [112] 5 3p 3/2 -------- 4 5 2f 5/2 --------- 6 5 2f 7/2 --------- 8 5 1h 9/2 --------- 10 5 1h 11/2 ------- 9 1h 11/2 ------- 12 ---- {82} (Lead) 4 3s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ [70] 3s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ [70] (Ytterbium) 4 2d 3/2 --------- 4 2d 3/2 --------- 4 4 2d 5/2 --------- 6 2d 5/2 --------- 6 4 1g 7/2 --------- 8 1g 7/2 --------- 8 4 1g 9/2 --------- 10 1g 9/2 --------- 10 ---- {50} (Tin) 3 2p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {40} 2p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {40} (Zirconium) 3 1f 5/2 --------- 6 1f 5/2 --------- 6 3 2p 3/2 --------- 4 2p 3/2 --------- 4 3 1f 7/2 --------- 8 ------ {28} 1f 7/2 --------- 8 ------ {28} (Nickel) 2 1d 3/2 --------- 4 ------ {20} 1d 3/2 --------- 4 ------ {20} (Calcium) 2 2s 1/2 --------- 2 2s 1/2 --------- 2 2 1d 5/2 --------- 6 1d 5/2 --------- 6 1 1p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {8} 1p 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {8} (Oxygen) 1 1p 3/2 --------- 4 1p 3/2 --------- 4 0 1s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {2} 1s 1/2 --------- 2 ------ {2} (Helium) They are presented here in order to emphasize their importance and to provide reference to the apparent why of their importance. For example, the fact Rhodium -- despite having only one stable isotope -- has a number of protons in its outer 1g 9/2 shell, which is half the number of protons which would fit into that particular shell. This places Rhodium -- with respect to the number of protons -- midway between the “magic numbers” of {40} and {50}, the latter which indicate particularly stable nuclei. Similarly, Iridium -- with only two stable isotopes -- has 7 protons in its outer shell, where the shell maximum is 12. This places Iridium in a similar (to Rhodium) midpoint between the more stable shell closure numbers [70] and {82}. Thus, for both elements, the lack of stability in their proton shells, makes them ideal candidates for Superdeformation of their respective nuclei -- and thus more likely to experience nuclear Superconductivity. There are additional considerations, however, which is referenced in Growth Structures and discussed in some detail in Rhodium and Iridium. Forward to: Growth Structures Rhodium and Iridium ORME Biology |
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